Theories of Change
One of the easiest things to do in policy is to advocate for policy X, so as to change effect Y. One of the hardest things to do is to get people to explain clearly their theory of change. That is, what are the steps by which changing X actually affects Y? Take performance-based funding. It’s easy to get hot for the idea that organizations can be steered by offering incentives: if you pay schools for students, they’ll raise enrolment.